Why Buy Me? 

• Rich chenille fabric
• One-piece construction providing greater support and enhanced durability during washing
• Non-slip base
• Machine washable

Description

The Scruffs® Highland dog bed collection has been produced predominantly using a rich chenille fabric. The beautiful grey shades are complemented with a distinctive tartan print, combined with faux suede piping and centre patch with an embroidered Scruffs® logo. Each bed has a non-slip base.

The grey highland box bed is made using a one-piece construction providing greater support and enhanced durability during washing. 

This dog bed box is available in multiple sizes and colours. 

Material

• Outer: 100% polyester
• Inner: 100% polyester
• Base: 100% polyester
• Fill: 100% recycled polyester

Washing Instructions

• Machine Washable: The whole bed is Machine Washable at 30 degrees. However, this will depend on the size of the bed, larger beds may need a larger drum.
• Do not bleach or tumble dry pet beds.

Size Information

• Small (50 x 40cm / 19.5″ x 16″)
• Medium (60 x 50cm / 24″ x 19.5″)
• Large (75 x 60cm / 29.5″ x 24″)
• X-Large (90 x 70cm / 36″ x 27.5″)

 

Before ordering please ensure your chosen size is right for your dog. For guidance please see our Size Guide.

Please note: The images should not be used as a specific size representation, please make sure to refer to the size and measurement details to determine which size is suitable for your pet.

 

3D printing technology, also known as additive manufacturing, is an emerging manufacturing technology that builds up materials layer by layer to create physical objects based on digital models. 3D printing technology has become an important means of product research and development in various fields. Through 3D printing technology to establish a solid model, understand the cooperation between tool components, and make continuous adjustments, it not only greatly shortens the development cycle of new products, but also greatly reduces the overall cost of research and development. .

At present, the company has begun to apply 3D printing technology in product research and development, allowing 3D printing technology to boost the research and development of bearings, making more innovative products and products with complex structures visible in the design stage, enhancing ZWZ’s technical strength, and achieving scientific research breakthroughs and the dual goals of high efficiency.

The picture shows that Dr. Hao Xu of the National Large-scale Bearing Engineering Technology Research Center is explaining the 3D printed bearing, and has made a detailed and patient explanation on the technical conditions such as printing accuracy, printing speed, and printing temperature.

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Posted on Sept. 24th, 2019, | By WayKen Rapid Manufacturing

Short-run production refers to manufacturing a small batch of parts in a very limited amount of time. Another definition for the machine shops that work in short runs is high-mix/low volume manufacturing facility. This type of production is the most challenging as the parts change rapidly and you have to reset your production line a number of times per month and keep it flexible at all times. Low volume manufacturing has been considered a costly expense. However, some modern technologies make it cheaper.

The Choice of Material

Reviewing manufacturing technologies is relevant when we have some knowledge of the material, otherwise, you could simply end up mentioning all the recently modified techniques over all the industries. The point is that metal and plastic processing techniques differ so much it isn’t worth mentioning. Even metal parts can be manufactured by tens of hundreds of ways. So, in order to focus the scope of all the technologies, let’s look at aluminum parts short-run production. Aluminum alloys are very durable, strong and the most important fact is they are easy to work with. That’s why the majority of low volume production uses aluminum for their prototype short runs.

3D-Printing

3D-printing also called rapid prototyping sinters aluminum powder into any form without any need for tooling or fixtures. By avoiding those things, the manufacturing process can be made considerably shorter. The process itself is quite slow right now so the more parts there are in a batch, the less the efficiency of the process. Ideally, 3d-printing is to be used for the first prototype of a very complex aluminum part. That way, the lead time is much shorter than that of any other process because you require virtually nothing to start producing right away. As the number of parts in a batch increases, however, the slow performance of the printers will show.

Low Volume CNC Machining

Short-run CNC machining of aluminum is a tricky business that must be set up correctly in order to be profitable. The main problem is that you have to act without having all the information even in the short run. You must always be ready for an unexpected urgent order and so keep all the possible stock samples in your supply cache so that you can start working right away while the rest of the blank material arrives.

CNC machine tools are unique pieces of equipment that allow the manufacturing of metal parts without the need to make part drawings or file manufacturing processes. You can take a CAD model of the part and with a little tinkering with a CAM system, you can quickly make an NC program that will coordinate the cutting tool movements of the CNC machine with a precision that is impossible for human machinists. This method significantly lowers production cost and time.

However, you’ll still need to choose the correct aluminum cutting tools and fixtures and reset the machine tool so this process isn’t the fastest but it yields the best quality and is often used as a follow up for the other rapid production processes. Another advantage of CNC aluminum milling and turning is the ability to scale up. Basically, if you have one NC program, you can make an unlimited number of parts with it.

Rapid Aluminum Casting

Rapid Aluminum casting refers to using 3d-printing of wax to create master models for further casting into sand forms. Sand casting has been known for a long time. Its weakness has always been the need to create a master-model: a mock-up of the manufactured part made of some soft material. This was usually done manually by the machinist. I suppose you can imagine how much time it took to get a master model like that. And what if it turned out to be faulty? Producing a wax master model takes about a day, and the whole process of casting will take a few weeks instead of months like it was before.

Rapid Aluminum casting refers to using 3d-printing of wax to create master models for further casting into sand forms. Sand casting has been known for a long time. Its weakness has always been the need to create a master-model: a mock-up of the manufactured part made of some soft material. This was usually done manually by the machinist. I suppose you can imagine how much time it took to get a master model like that. And what if it turned out to be faulty? Producing a wax master model takes about a day, and the whole process of casting will take a few weeks instead of months like it weeks instead of months like it was before.

Rapid Aluminum Forming

Rapid aluminum forming has always been a conventional process. The factory would design the dies: made of expensive steels, heat-treated, finished to the mirror-like surface and capable of producing an infinite amount of parts. It took an eternity to make does but once they were ready, the performance was outstanding. But does the modern short-run production need such sturdy dies?

The answer is no. There is no need for such dies, you can cut weeks off the tooling manufacturing by choosing a softer and simpler to process material. Aluminum forming doesn’t require a lot of hardness and durability from the tool if the production is low volume. A soft die can withstand ten or even fifty processing cycles without much wear. And after that, you may not even need it anymore.

Rapid Cutting Aluminum with EDM

Rapid cutting aluminum with electrical discharge machining is extremely popular for rapid injection molding. With EDM you can make great cavities for the press-forms. Apart from that, EDM cutting can help you avoid the need to manufacture special cutting tools to manufacture complex holes with sharp edges in different parts. Otherwise, you’d have to make a broach, and it is a very expensive cutting tool.

Conclusion

There is one thing that should be noted. Advanced technologies do not make efficient manufacturing alone. Profitable machine shops exist because of their efficient resource management and smooth transition between part batches. That’s why even if you don’t have enough money for an expensive piece of equipment ( Metal 3D printers can cost a few million dollars), you can still significantly increase your profits by setting up efficient supply chains with your partners and by organizing your workflow.

And vice versa, you may have the best machine tools and sit idle waiting for those aluminum blanks to arrive from your untimely supplier. The modern development of production tends to increase information support between different stages of manufacturing and manufacturing process preparation. Those trends are expected to enhance efficient manufacturing much more than the newest techniques.

Pretty much every product we buy comes in some form of casing or package that needs its own set of manufacturing processes. Over the years, these packages and cases require consistent designs, often produced with the fit and geometry of the product in mind. Today, most packaging equipment is automated for efficiency and faster production times. Packaging machines are controlled with CNC machines, which allow users to reduce labor costs.

However, various forms of CNC technologies such as die cutters and routers (among others) have a lot to offer on this front as well, allowing for a range of design benefits. This particular article will focus on these cutting technologies rather than CNC operated packaging machines.

Advantages Over Other Methods

When it comes to packaging, the routers, mills, cutters, etc. have a few key advantages over other types of technologies. In terms of high-speed low-volume production, these CNC machines will net far more bang for your buck as compared to injection molding and additive manufacturing, for example. While AM can be cheaper in certain instances, it is far slower and oftentimes less accurate. Packaging also needs to be consistent and uniform across the board, which routers and mills are better at.

Injection molding may only be appropriate for high volumes and can thus lead to unnecessary costs on low-volume runs. Injection molding, as the name suggests, requires a mold, which can be time-consuming (weeks or even months in certain cases). Additionally, while injection molding is cheaper in those larger volumes, the upfront costs of mold can dwarf those savings compared to routers.

Another important feature that some CNC tables have at their disposal is the ability to digitize the precise shape of the product. In this way, the eventual insert or package production is far simpler. This is especially useful in the programming of products with complex shapes.

On the other hand, it should be stated that subtractive CNC methods are not always the most appropriate way to go. Since packaging often means creating a space for the main product to lay and rest in, large products that require deeper cuts would mean more waste on the material block and more time consumption for cutting their shape through subtractive methods of production. In these cases, another method of production may be more appropriate.

Likewise, not all CNC machines are appropriate for all sorts of packaging, as we’ll cover below. Users need to know what they want from a machine and then decide which machine to get, but the best bet is with a more versatile system like a hybrid multi-purpose router that has a range of different cutting options. CNC machines with a large enough range may be able to process plastics, foams, wood and all other materials that one may consider for their packaging needs.

Plastic Pallets and Containers For Exterior Packaging

Many companies employ the use of plastic pallets for exterior packaging when transporting more general items. Certain shapes that parcels come in, like blocks and cubes, are more universal. As a result, these sorts of pallets can even be reusable across various transport shipments for a range of products that fit them. What CNC cutting offers in this realm is improvements on the older production processes.

Companies like Graco packaging are using a batch of the same pallets for multiple years in their day-to-day operations. These were made using a CNC router and fit the intricate dimensions of the part precisely. They last for a far longer time than ones made from other processes and their client companies tend to use them for all their packaging and transport needs.

Other packaging projects may require a more comprehensive solution that encases the product fully. In these cases, they may employ the use of plastic containers. Corrugated plastic is one such solution, as it can be flexible, durable and easily processed into a variety of shapes. Cutting and water-jetting are common methods to create such storage options.

It’s best to use high-impact resistance plastics for more laborious packaging and transport operations. Any cargo that needs to go into a plane or metal container should be far stronger and will require a 5-axis machine to cut it. The settings and tools can vary from plastic to plastic. For example, PET can be formulated in several ways, being in the form of unreinforced or glass fiber reinforced, for example. It’s best to look up what material you’re going to be dealing with and what spindle speed, flute-type, and tools you’ll need to process it accurately.

Considerations For Foam Inserts

The packaging doesn’t merely refer to the outer box itself as it can also include inserts and foam inner casings, as is often the case with tools and electronics. There is a whole range of materials cutters, routers and mills can process for such more complex packaging purposes. However, different materials and applications require different CNC machines for different materials.

Plastic packaging is probably the most common way CNC cutting tools are used for packaging. Very often these are materials like the common packaging foam one sees inside boxes to prevent transportation damage. These packaging materials can be made from Polyurethane (PU) foam, Polyethylene (PE) or other such common plastics. For example, PU is fairly hard and has a high density and as a result, a router bit is perfect for the job.

On the other hand, PE foam is lighter and comparatively less rigid, so while routing cutters will tear into it, they may also do it inadequately with unclean cuts in this light material. Cutting lighter foams such as this is not advisable using a router bit, as it can damage the final result and also make it aesthetically unpleasing. PE and other light foams require specific tools, like knife blades. 

It’s most beneficial to go with a multi-purpose machine with the proper tools that are programmed to cut all types of foam. This can be a godsend for resolving any queries that may arise with foam processing and allows for a more versatile production process.

This can include CNC tables with either a dual or a triple-Z axis, which can be configured with a routing spindle and one or two different knives in its arsenal. Machines with a triple-Z configuration also have the ability to cut and crease corrugated cardboard. A combination of a specific spindle (either quick-release or collet) along with an oscillating or tangential knife will facilitate cutting of various types of foam including closed or open cell PE. These multi-purpose CNC machines are ideal for those small production runs and can be crucial for prototyping.

Next, choosing the router bit is a crucial part of the set-up. An upward spiral router bit allows for an upward force to be applied to the material, which could cause it to lift and produce unwanted contours or depths of cut, so it’s not ideal for every situation.

Conversely, the downward spiral bit might push the material down, which then results in more material loss than desired. This leaves a larger pocket or smaller part when cutting the profile. Most foam materials do fine under a machine with a twin fluted straight cutter. This puts only a small radial force on the material and will cut the part with minimal distortion and leave a good smooth finish.

Foams often present another problem: holding down the material securely. As these materials can be very light and quite porous, they can be hard to secure with the standard vacuum deck. The most likely solution is using either a vacuum pump or a blower but they each have their own unique characteristics.

Blowers move a greater volume of air than pumps, so if the foam is slightly porous a blower may work better. It has the benefit of less air leaking through the holes during operation, thus provides a more consistent process. Other solutions can be applied in tandem as well. Porous materials can be held down through the application of a low tack plastic film to the underside of the material. This maintains a good seal and can be easily removed later on.

Design Benefits

Items like musical instruments or high-value amplifiers and consoles require delicate to transport. They have to be packed in very tightly and carefully to avoid damage, particularly when it comes to long-haul transportation from city to city. Routers with tangential and oscillating knives have a lot to offer on this front, as the foam packaging of costly musical instruments, lights and props will be able to handle the turbulence of the road.

CNC machining also allows for little grooves and details to be inserted into the design with precision. Such small details can help give more grip to the packaging or the insert. These touches can immensely help keep products safe in their boxes and aid in stopping them from sliding off of a pallet.

Another advantage in terms of design is that they can be designed for reuse more efficiently than with other methods. Stronger plastics and better shaping ability allow for better products that last longer overall.

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England customer came to China to visit EFANT Factory

This morning, our factory received a customer from the UK. We looked at our factory's equipment, bearings together, and discussed cooperation matters in the office.

Contact

Company:Luoyang EFANT Precision Bearing Manufacturing Co. Ltd

Address:No. 9 Jingjin North Rd, Luoxin Development Zone, 

Xin'an County, Luoyang City, Henan Province 471003, China

Tel:86-379-80887690

export@efindbearing.com

https://www.efindbearing.com

https://www.efindbearing.com/contact-us

Oct 08/24

What 2025 Holds for Automotive and Parts Manufacturing

 

The automobile industry doesn’t look to be slowing down any time soon, with double the growth in 2025 than what 2024 offered. Such dramatic growth will have several repercussions for those who invest in the industry. However, what are some reasons for such a dramatic boost, and how can you best take advantage of them?

This article will unveil some revolutionary trends in the automotive and parts manufacturing arena you can expect to hear more of in 2025. So, keep reading to learn how automotive industry forecasts like these can help you stay on top.

The Continued Growth of Smart Factories

Factories that leverage the Internet of Things (IoT) to connect their machinery have seen an enormous boost in efficiency. These items’ enhanced communication and transparency means managers can use real-time data analytics to anticipate needs and avoid potential downtime.

Mayco leverages these technologies to ensure that their production lines across their network are always running to a high level of efficiency and quality. Doing this significantly reduces development costs and speeds up the time before Mayco can get products to clients or the market.

Continued Growth of 3D Printing Technologies

The 3D printing of products in the manufacturing and prototyping stages hugely reduces lead times. Far more complex and lightweight components can now pass through the production cycle when, where before, they would have been much more challenging to manufacture.

Mayco continues to use 3D printing to help it quickly prototype new versions of products and stay ahead of industry trends.

An Ongoing Drive Toward an EV Future

The consumer push for electric vehicles (EVs) looks set to continue reshaping the landscape of automobiles, with several companies and states setting ambitious goals for EVs in 2025. As manufacturing innovations in 2025 continue to advance battery technology, we can expect excitement in this area to continue to increase, snowballing EV uptake.

Manufacturers have a role in supplying many essential EV parts, such as battery casings. They also focus on developing more lightweight vehicle designs for even higher performance.

The Push for Sustainable Automotive and Parts Manufacturing Processes

The concept of sustainability during manufacturing has moved from being a bonus in the early 2000s to a non-negotiable part of the whole process. Governments and consumers now call for transparency in manufacturing. This has led to an even greater emphasis on using recycled materials at every step.

Autonomous Vehicle Parts Production Amid Growing Regulation

Along with EVs, autonomous vehicles (AVs) demand more specialized parts, such as higher-precision sensors and communications systems. With regulations now allowing for automated driving in some areas, we will likely see manufacturing pick up in this area over the next year.

Manufacturing businesses such as Mayco International are also likely to start pursuing partnerships with tech firms and universities. These will offer innovation in creating parts and technologies related to these new vehicles.

What Do These 2025 Industry Insights Mean for Mayco International and You?

The future of automotive parts promises significant upheaval and innovations in automotive and parts manufacturing. Companies such as Mayo International are well-positioned to leverage 2025 automotive trends and remain at the forefront of advancement.

As a trusted, tier-one supplier, Mayco continues to match the latest in industry requirements, ensuring they deliver high-quality solutions globally. Contact us and explore how you can benefit from our expertise in new automotive ventures today.

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Computer numerical control (CNC) and manual machining serve the same purpose, so what makes them different? It’s the quality of the final product or the way they both operate. Although CNC machining is considered way more efficient for its precision and automation, manual machining still has its unique benefits.

If you are confused about which one to choose for your production needs, a detailed comparison will be helpful for you to make an informed decision. This article discusses both processes, pros and cons and cost factors.

Contents
hide

I
What is the Difference Between CNC vs. Manual Machining?

II
Pros and Cons of CNC Machining and Manual Machining

III
Different Factors Affect the Cost of CNC Vs. Manual Machining

IV
True Cost Difference Between CNC and Manual Machining

V
What are the Applications of CNC Machining vs. Manual Machining?

VI
CNC Vs. Manual Machining: Which One is Suitable for Your Needs?

VII
Get Started With CNC Machining at WayKen

What is the Difference Between CNC vs. Manual Machining?

The main difference between CNC machining Vs. manual machining lies in their methods, precision, and the type of control they use. Below is an overview of both processes and how they cater to different manufacturing requirements.

CNC Machining

CNC machining has become popular in modern manufacturing because of its accuracy, complexity, and flexibility. It is highly scalable, making it suitable for prototyping and part-production tasks.

The CNC machining process is enabled with fully automated pre-programmed computer software. It requires minimal human intervention as it operates entirely through a complex series of numerical codes.

The custom-coded instructions control the movements of precise tools such as mills, lathes, grinders, and lasers, which produce complex geometric shapes and components from various materials such as metal or plastic.

Manual Machining

Manual machining is operated by hand and requires expertise to manage the entire machining system. During this process, manually operated tools such as mills, lathes, saws, and grinders are used to shape and cut various materials.

Unlike computer-controlled CNC machines, manual machines require highly skilled operators to control the feed rate, speed, and depth of the cut. This is because it requires careful tool selection and frequent adjustments.

Pros and Cons of CNC Machining and Manual Machining

Each process has its pros and cons based on the precision, labor requirement, and production quantity. Here is a detailed breakdown of manual machining vs. CNC to help you decide a better pick for your production requirements.

Pros of CNC Machining

• Production Speed: Compared to manual machining, CNC machining ensures faster production speed and higher output. Benefit to this aspect, the manufacturers can successfully reduce the bottlenecks and handle volume production with ease.
• Repeatability: While performing the same tasks multiple times, the repeatability of a machine ensures consistent outcomes throughout the process. Due to the absence of human error, the CNC machining precisely provides the same results after each cycle.
• Lesser Labor Cost: Although there is a need for an operator with CNC machines as well, it demands less expertise and skill level than a manual machine. In fact, a single operator may operate multiple machines simultaneously, which automatically reduces the labor cost here.
• Complex Designs: The CAD (computer-aided design)/CAM (computer-aided manufacturing) software of CNC machines enables manufacturers to produce complex designs, including multi-axis contours and curves.

Cons of CNC Machining

• Higher Cost: The initial investment in CNC machines is higher as their equipment and installation are both high in cost.
• Costly Maintenance: Although the chances of breakdowns are lower with these machines, in case a malfunction occurs, only a highly skilled professional can resolve the issue.
• Programming Skills: Since CNC machines depend on specific codes, you need a skilled programmer to create and set codes, which adds additional cost to the overall machine setup.

Pros of Manual Machining

• Lower Cost: Manual machines can be installed with a lower initial investment cost. Due to its affordability, manual machines are suitable for small manufacturers with budget constraints.
• No Need for Programming: Manual machines do not need advanced programming and code creation. The skilled operator is solely responsible for the handling and operation of machine tools and controls.
• Easy Maintenance: In case of breakdowns, manual machines are easy to fix and the maintenance cost is also less.
• Better Customization: Manual milling machines are often preferred for one-off projects. These machines offer great flexibility and adaptability in the production process. Moreover, there are some unique demands that CNC machines can’t do.

Cons of Manual Machining

• Slow Production: The manufacturing process is relatively slow with manual machining, which causes the final output to be less. While CNC machines take a few hours to produce, manual machines require tens of hours or days to do.
• Higher Human Error: Due to high dependency on human operators, manual machines lack precision, which means there is a higher possibility of human errors with this method.
• Dependency on Labor Expertise: The manual machining output highly depends on the expertise level of the operator. Because of higher dependency, the method may lead to higher labor costs.

Different Factors Affect the Cost of CNC Vs. Manual Machining

While it’s evident that CNC machining costs way more than manual machining, several driving factors determine the cost of both machines. Below is a comparative analysis of those factors:

Cost Factors CNC Machining Manual Machining Labor Cost Lower labor costs due to higher automation High labor cost due to expertise required Programming Skilled programmer required for coding purposes Not required Waste Product Less material waste More material waste Maintenance Issues Self-detection of issues but high maintenance cost More breakdown issues but low maintenance cost Industry Demand More in demand due to precision and higher output Less demand due to limited output and slow production

True Cost Difference Between CNC and Manual Machining

CNC machining is considered superior as it manufactures 75 to 300% faster than manual machines. Thanks to efficient output and quicker turnaround time, CNC machines ensure a lower scrap rate. So, despite its high cost, CNC machining is worth the investment.

  CNC Machining Manual Machining Equipment Cost Starts at $5000 Starts at $3000 Lathe Cost $5,000  $1,000  Per Hour Cost $80 per hour for a 3-axis machine $40 per hour

What are the Applications of CNC Machining vs. Manual Machining?

The applications of manual machining and CNC machining vary depending on the nature of the task, the desired level of precision, and final throughput requirements.

Applications of CNC Machining

Different Industrial Uses

CNC machining is suited for industries requiring volume production. For instance, automotive industries require CNC mills and lathes to produce engine components and transmissions. However, the use of manual machining will dramatically slow down manufacturing here.

Prototyping Tasks

CNC machining is highly preferred for the prototyping phase of product development. CNC lathes, mills, and equipment create prototypes that resemble exactly the final parts. It helps manufacturers to test the design before going ahead with mass production.

Rapid Tooling Applications

CNC machining is the ideal option for rapid tooling as it works on tough materials and alloys. On the contrary, manual machining can be challenging when working on hard materials.

Applications of Manual Machining

Small-Scale Projects

Manual milling machines, manual lathes, and cutting tools are more suitable for small or single tasks, as they are quicker to set up and don’t require complex coding.

Personal Craftsmanship and Customization

Manual machining best suits scenarios where personalization is preferred over bulk production. For instance, artistic metalwork or specialized prototypes demand the operator’s expertise where they hand pick the workpieces and cutting tools to perform the particular operation.

Repair and Maintenance

Repair parts may be unavailable or hard to find for older machinery. Manual machining comes to the rescue here as it allows custom fabrication of replacement parts on demand.

CNC Vs. Manual Machining: Which One is Suitable for Your Needs?

Now that you know the differences between CNC and manual machining, it is much easier for you to decide which is the better choice for your production needs.

If you require complex geometries, precision, and high repeatability, CNC machining will be a good option. On the other hand, if you are setting up a cost-effective and customized project, manual machining would be preferable.

Besides your outcome needs, it is also essential for you to carefully consider your budget before reaching the final decision. All in all, your project requirement, budget, and desired outcome are three crucial factors that will shape your decision to choose between CNC and manual machining.

Get Started With CNC Machining at WayKen

WayKen provides custom CNC machining solutions to meet your specific requirements. From prototype to production, our advanced CNC machines and skilled machinists handle a variety of materials, achieving your components and parts with accuracy and detail.

Partner with WayKen to experience effective project management, fast turnaround times, and affordable prices. Start your CNC machining journey with WayKen today.

Xin Guobin, a member of the Party Leadership Group and Deputy Minister of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, recently stated that the machinery industry is the mainstay of the equipment manufacturing industry and a basic and strategic industry for the development of the national economy and the construction of national defense. He pointed out that the development situation of the machinery industry during the 14th Five-Year Plan is facing profound changes. First, the global scientific and technological revolution is in the ascendant to bring about new changes. Second, the international industrial structure is reshaped into new pressure. Third is to build a new development pattern to expand new space. Fourth is the implementation of the carbon peak and carbon neutral strategy proposes new tasks. It is pointed out that the 14th Five-Year Plan is an important period of strategic opportunities for my country's machinery industry. The opportunities and challenges are unprecedented, but on the whole, the opportunities outweigh the challenges.

Xin Guobin emphasized that in the next five years, the machinery industry should be guided by the 14th Five-Year Plan to fully promote the high-quality development of the machinery industry. First, we must deeply promote independent innovation. We must adhere to high-level technological self-reliance as a strategic support, build a technological innovation system with enterprises as the main body, and a combination of production, education, research and application, and accelerate the promotion of original innovation, integrated innovation, and integration innovation capabilities to improve the level of industrial technology basic public services To promote the transfer and transformation of innovation achievements. Second, we must ensure the safety and stability of the industrial supply chain. We must use major projects such as industrial infrastructure rebuilding as our starting point to organize strong chain-reinforcing actions such as forging long boards and supplementing short boards to promote upstream and downstream collaboration and improve the overall level of the industrial chain. Third, we must continue to optimize the industrial structure. We must accelerate the development of digitization, networking, and intelligence. Promote energy-saving and green manufacturing in an all-round way, and support the accelerated development of new energy vehicles, robots, energy-saving and environmentally-friendly equipment and other emerging industries. The fourth is to vigorously cultivate high-quality enterprises. We need to optimize the business environment for enterprises and the financing environment of the industrial chain, and promote innovation in the integration of large and medium-sized enterprises. We must strive to build a group of leading companies with global competitiveness, single champion companies and specialized, special new small giant companies. Fifth, we must actively promote openness and cooperation. We must take advantage of new opportunities such as the Belt and Road initiative and the government’s bilateral and multilateral coordination mechanisms to promote international capacity cooperation in machinery and equipment manufacturing and achieve better development in a higher level of opening up.

According to our colleagues at La Provence, Marseille manager Marcelo Bielsa has not given up on the possibility of signing Napoli striker Eduardo Vargas, who is deemed surplus to requirements at his current club.

Several Middle Eastern sides are also interested in the Chilean.

Click Here: Argentina football tracksuit

The world of manufacturing is continually evolving, and at the forefront of this innovation is injection molding. A critical aspect that determines the success of this process is the selection of the right material. Understanding the nuances of different injection molding materials is not just a matter of technicality but a cornerstone of quality and efficiency in production.

What Are Injection Molding Materials?

Injection molding materials are the backbone of the injection molding process, a method widely used in manufacturing for producing parts in large volumes. These materials, which vary widely in their properties and applications, can be broadly categorized into thermoplastics, thermosets, and elastomers. Each category has its unique characteristics and suitable applications, making the material selection a pivotal decision in the injection molding process.

Understanding Thermoplastics in Injection Molding

Thermoplastics are a major category in injection molding materials, known for their versatility and recyclability. They become pliable or moldable at a certain elevated temperature and solidify upon cooling. This reversible process makes thermoplastics a popular choice in various industries.

Common Thermoplastics Used:

• High Density Polyethylene (HDPE): Known for its strength and resistance to impact.
• Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS): Offers a balanced combination of toughness and rigidity.
• Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU): Renowned for its elasticity and resistance to abrasion.
• Polycarbonate (PC): Distinguished by its high impact strength and transparency.
• Polypropylene (PP): Valued for its fatigue resistance and flexibility.

Exploring Thermosets and Elastomers

Thermosets and elastomers stand in contrast to thermoplastics. Once they are set, typically through a chemical reaction, they cannot be remelted. This irreversible setting gives them different properties and applications. Thermosets are known for their dimensional stability and heat resistance, while elastomers are recognized for their flexibility and elasticity, resembling rubber.

What are the Different Injection Molding Materials?

Amorphous Plastics

Amorphous plastics are a significant category in the realm of injection molding materials. Unlike their crystalline counterparts, these materials lack a precise, ordered molecular structure. This characteristic imparts unique properties to amorphous plastics, such as enhanced dimensional stability, lower shrinkage rates, and better transparency. Commonly used in various applications, these materials are pivotal in the industry due to their versatile nature.

Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)

ABS is a widely recognized amorphous plastic, known for its robustness and adaptability. This material is a polymer blend that uniquely balances strength, gloss, and toughness. Its ability to be easily molded and its superior surface finish make it a preferred choice in numerous applications.

Properties

• Molding Temperature: Ranges from 200 to 250°C
• Max Temp: Up to 80°C
• Chemical Resistance: 7/10
• Tensile Strength: 3,000 to 7,500 psi
• Flexural Strength: 5,500 to 9,500 psi
• Impact Strength: 0.5 to 6 ft-lb/in
• Electrical Insulation: Excellent
• Cost per kg (in USD): $1.50 to $2.50
• Water Resistant: Yes

Applications

• Automotive parts
• Electronic housings
• Toys
• Computer keyboards
• Safety helmets

Grades and Brand Names

• Lustran® ABS
• Cycolac® (SABIC)
• Terluran® (BASF)

Polycarbonate (PC)

Polycarbonate (PC) is renowned for its impressive combination of transparency and impact resistance. This amorphous plastic is highly regarded for its strength and its ability to withstand extreme temperatures and impacts, making it ideal for use in challenging environments.

Properties

• Molding Temperature: 260 to 320°C
• Max Temp: Up to 135°C
• Chemical Resistance: 6/10
• Tensile Strength: 9,000 to 14,500 psi
• Flexural Strength: 12,500 to 18,000 psi
• Impact Strength: 12 to 16 ft-lb/in
• Electrical Insulation: Good
• Cost per kg (in USD): $2.50 to $3.50
• Water Resistant: Yes

Applications

• Bulletproof glass
• Medical devices
• Smartphone cases
• Protective gear
• Automotive components

Grades and Brand Names

• Makrolon® (Covestro)
• Lexan® (SABIC)
• Calibre® (Trinseo)

Polystyrene (PS)

Polystyrene (PS), another prominent amorphous plastic, is favored for its ease of molding and excellent aesthetic properties. It’s particularly noted for its clarity and rigidity, making it suitable for a wide range of applications, particularly in packaging and disposable consumer goods.

Properties

• Molding Temperature: 180 to 280°C
• Max Temp: Up to 70°C
• Chemical Resistance: 4/10
• Tensile Strength: 3,500 to 5,500 psi
• Flexural Strength: 4,500 to 6,000 psi
• Impact Strength: 0.3 to 2 ft-lb/in
• Electrical Insulation: Moderate
• Cost per kg (in USD): $1.20 to $2.00
• Water Resistant: No

Applications

• Food packaging
• CD cases
• Disposable cutlery
• Picture frames
• Laboratory ware

Grades and Brand Names

• Styron® (Trinseo)
• Polystyrol® (BASF)
• Crystal Styrene (INEOS)

Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) (PMMA) / Acrylic

PMMA, commonly known as Acrylic, is a transparent thermoplastic often used as a lightweight, shatter-resistant alternative to glass. Its excellent clarity and ability to be molded into various shapes make it a popular choice in many industries.

Properties

• Molding Temperature: 210 to 240°C
• Max Temp: Up to 95°C
• Chemical Resistance: 5/10
• Tensile Strength: 6,500 to 10,000 psi
• Flexural Strength: 9,000 to 14,000 psi
• Impact Strength: 0.3 to 0.5 ft-lb/in
• Electrical Insulation: Good
• Cost per kg (in USD): $2.00 to $3.50
• Water Resistant: Yes

Applications

• Signage and displays
• Aquarium tanks
• Skylights
• Optical lenses
• Retail store fixtures

Grades and Brand Names

• Plexiglas®
• Lucite®
• Acrylite®

Polyetherimide (PEI) (Ultem)

Polyetherimide (Ultem) is known for its high heat resistance and strength. It offers exceptional mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties, making it a valuable material in high-performance applications.

Properties

• Molding Temperature: 340 to 380°C
• Max Temp: Up to 170°C
• Chemical Resistance: 8/10
• Tensile Strength: 15,000 to 21,000 psi
• Flexural Strength: 17,000 to 25,000 psi
• Impact Strength: 1 to 1.5 ft-lb/in
• Electrical Insulation: Excellent
• Cost per kg (in USD): $20 to $30
• Water Resistant: Yes

Applications

• Electrical and electronic components
• Automotive parts
• Medical devices
• Aircraft interiors
• High-temperature applications

Grades and Brand Names

• Ultem® 1000
• Ultem® 2300
• Extem® (SABIC)

Polysulfone (PSU)

Polysulfone (PSU) is a high-performance thermoplastic known for its toughness and stability at high temperatures. It offers excellent chemical and thermal resistance, making it ideal for demanding applications.

Properties

• Molding Temperature: 320 to 370°C
• Max Temp: Up to 150°C
• Chemical Resistance: 7/10
• Tensile Strength: 8,000 to 12,000 psi
• Flexural Strength: 12,000 to 18,000 psi
• Impact Strength: 0.5 to 2 ft-lb/in
• Electrical Insulation: Very Good
• Cost per kg (in USD): $15 to $25
• Water Resistant: Yes

Applications

• Medical instruments
• Automotive parts
• Aerospace components
• Membranes for water treatment
• Electrical insulators

Grades and Brand Names

• Udel® P-1700
• Mindel® A-1000
• Radel® R (Solvay)

High Impact Polystyrene (HIPS)

High Impact Polystyrene (HIPS) is a modified version of polystyrene that offers enhanced impact strength. It combines the easy processability of polystyrene with improved toughness, making it suitable for a wide range of applications.

Properties

• Molding Temperature: 180 to 260°C
• Max Temp: Up to 70°C
• Chemical Resistance: 4/10
• Tensile Strength: 3,000 to 5,000 psi
• Flexural Strength: 4,000 to 6,000 psi
• Impact Strength: 2 to 7 ft-lb/in
• Electrical Insulation: Moderate
• Cost per kg (in USD): $1.40 to $2.20
• Water Resistant: No

Applications

• Refrigerator liners
• Food packaging
• Display materials
• Instrument panels
• Toy components

Grades and Brand Names

• Styron® HI 841 (Trinseo)
• Royalite® R59 (Spartech)
• HIPS 825 (Total Petrochemicals)

PC-ABS (Polycarbonate-Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene)

PC-ABS is a blend that combines the strength and heat resistance of polycarbonate with the flexibility of ABS. This material is known for its excellent thermal properties and impact resistance, making it a go-to choice for complex parts and demanding applications.

Properties

• Molding Temperature: 230 to 290°C
• Max Temp: Up to 125°C
• Chemical Resistance: 6/10
• Tensile Strength: 5,000 to 9,500 psi
• Flexural Strength: 8,000 to 15,000 psi
• Impact Strength: 3 to 6 ft-lb/in
• Electrical Insulation: Good
• Cost per kg (in USD): $3 to $5
• Water Resistant: Yes

Applications

• Automotive interior parts
• Electronic housings
• Medical devices
• Protective gear
• Consumer electronics

Grades and Brand Names

• Bayblend® (Covestro)
• Cycoloy® (SABIC)
• Geloy® (INEOS)

Semi-Crystalline Plastics

Semi-crystalline plastics are characterized by their orderly molecular structure that forms crystalline regions within an amorphous matrix. This structure imparts these materials with higher melting points, better chemical resistance, and increased rigidity compared to amorphous plastics.

Nylon Polyamide (PA) / Nylon 6 / PA 6 / Nylon 66 / Nylon 6/6

Nylon Polyamide is a versatile and widely used semi-crystalline material. Known for its excellent combination of strength, durability, and flexibility, nylon is used in a vast array of applications. It comes in various grades, including Nylon 6 and Nylon 66, each having distinct properties.

Properties

• Molding Temperature: 230 to 280°C
• Max Temp: Up to 100°C
• Chemical Resistance: 7/10
• Tensile Strength: 6,000 to 12,000 psi
• Flexural Strength: 8,000 to 14,000 psi
• Impact Strength: 1 to 4 ft-lb/in
• Electrical Insulation: Good
• Cost per kg (in USD): $2.50 to $4.00
• Water Resistant: Yes

Applications

• Gears and bearings
• Automotive components
• Electrical connectors
• Consumer goods
• Sporting equipment

Grades and Brand Names

• Zytel® (DuPont)
• Durethan® (LANXESS)
• Ultramid® (BASF)

Polyethylene (PE)

Polyethylene (PE), one of the most common plastics, is known for its excellent chemical resistance and flexibility. It is available in various densities, including high-density and low-density versions, each offering distinct properties suitable for different applications.

Properties

• Molding Temperature: 180 to 220°C
• Max Temp: Up to 80°C
• Chemical Resistance: 8/10
• Tensile Strength: 1,200 to 3,500 psi
• Flexural Strength: 1,000 to 2,000 psi
• Impact Strength: No break
• Electrical Insulation: Very Good
• Cost per kg (in USD): $1 to $2
• Water Resistant: Yes

Applications

• Packaging films and containers
• Piping systems
• Toys
• Housewares
• Bottles

Grades and Brand Names

• Marlex® (Chevron Phillips)
• Alathon® (LyondellBasell)
• Hostalen® (LyondellBasell)

High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE)

High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE), a member of the polyethylene family, is known for its robustness and higher density compared to its counterparts. It stands out for its strength, resistance to impact, and versatility. HDPE’s rigidity and toughness make it a preferred choice for products that need to withstand rigorous use.

Properties

• Molding Temperature: 180 to 230°C
• Max Temp: Up to 120°C
• Chemical Resistance: 8/10
• Tensile Strength: 3,000 to 4,500 psi
• Flexural Strength: 2,000 to 3,000 psi
• Impact Strength: No break
• Electrical Insulation: Good
• Cost per kg (in USD): $1.50 to $2.50
• Water Resistant: Yes

Applications

• Containers and bottles
• Piping systems
• Outdoor furniture
• Toys
• Chemical drums

Grades and Brand Names

• Marlex® HHM TR-144 (Chevron Phillips Chemical)
• Hostalen® HDPE (LyondellBasell)
• Fortiflex® H (Dow)

Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE)

Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) is softer, more flexible, and has a lower melting point compared to HDPE. It is known for its excellent chemical resistance and electrical properties, making it ideal for a broad range of applications, particularly where flexibility is key.

Properties

• Molding Temperature: 160 to 220°C
• Max Temp: Up to 80°C
• Chemical Resistance: 7/10
• Tensile Strength: 1,200 to 2,000 psi
• Flexural Strength: 500 to 1,000 psi
• Impact Strength: No break
• Electrical Insulation: Excellent
• Cost per kg (in USD): $1.20 to $2.00
• Water Resistant: Yes

Applications

• Film applications (bags, liners, shrink wrap)
• Containers
• Laboratory equipment
• Flexible parts
• Electrical wire insulation

Grades and Brand Names

• Lupolen® (LyondellBasell)
• Escorene® LDPE (ExxonMobil)
• Dowlex® (Dow)

Linear Low-Density Polyethylene (LLDPE)

Linear Low-Density Polyethylene (LLDPE) is a variation of polyethylene with significant flexibility, toughness, and impact resistance. LLDPE is known for its superior tensile strength and higher resistance to puncture compared to LDPE, making it suitable for more demanding applications.

Properties

• Molding Temperature: 180 to 220°C
• Max Temp: Up to 90°C
• Chemical Resistance: 7/10
• Tensile Strength: 1,500 to 3,000 psi
• Flexural Strength: 500 to 1,000 psi
• Impact Strength: No break
• Electrical Insulation: Very Good
• Cost per kg (in USD): $1.20 to $2.20
• Water Resistant: Yes

Applications

• Stretch films
• Plastic bags
• Covers and tarps
• Toys
• Piping and tubing

Grades and Brand Names

• ExxonMobil LLDPE
• SABIC® LLDPE
• Octene LLDPE (Westlake Chemical)

Polyoxymethylene (POM) / Acetal Copolymer / Acetal Homopolymer / Delrin Acetal

Polyoxymethylene (POM), also known as acetal, is a high-performance engineering plastic known for its strength, rigidity, and excellent friction and wear properties. POM exists in two variants: copolymer and homopolymer, each offering slightly different properties. Delrin, a homopolymer form of POM, is particularly noted for its high tensile strength and rigidity.

Properties

• Molding Temperature: 190 to 220°C
• Max Temp: Up to 120°C
• Chemical Resistance: 7/10
• Tensile Strength: 6,000 to 10,000 psi
• Flexural Strength: 8,000 to 12,000 psi
• Impact Strength: 1 to 2 ft-lb/in
• Electrical Insulation: Good
• Cost per kg (in USD): $2.50 to $4.00
• Water Resistant: Yes

Applications

• Gears and bearings
• Electrical components
• Fuel systems parts
• Precision parts in automotive
• Consumer electronics

Grades and Brand Names

• Delrin® (DuPont)
• Celcon® (Celanese)
• Ultraform® (BASF)

Polypropylene (PP)

Polypropylene (PP) is a versatile plastic that balances workability and performance. Known for its excellent chemical resistance and toughness, PP is widely used in both consumer goods and industrial applications. It is available in various grades, including homopolymer, copolymer, and impact-modified.

Properties

• Molding Temperature: 200 to 250°C
• Max Temp: Up to 130°C
• Chemical Resistance: 8/10
• Tensile Strength: 3,000 to 6,000 psi
• Flexural Strength: 4,000 to 6,000 psi
• Impact Strength: No break
• Electrical Insulation: Good
• Cost per kg (in USD): $1.00 to $2.00
• Water Resistant: Yes

Applications

• Packaging materials
• Automotive parts
• Textile fibers
• Medical devices
• Household goods

Grades and Brand Names

• Pro-fax (LyondellBasell)
• Moplen (LyondellBasell)
• Inspire (Dow)

Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU)

Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) is renowned for its outstanding combination of flexibility, durability, and resistance to oils and greases. It bridges the gap between rubbers and plastics, offering both elasticity and processability. TPU’s versatility makes it an excellent choice for a wide range of applications, especially where elasticity and toughness are required.

Properties

• Molding Temperature: 200 to 250°C
• Max Temp: Up to 130°C
• Chemical Resistance: 7/10
• Tensile Strength: 5,000 to 8,000 psi
• Flexural Strength: 6,000 to 10,000 psi
• Impact Strength: 2 to 5 ft-lb/in
• Electrical Insulation: Moderate
• Cost per kg (in USD): $3.00 to $5.00
• Water Resistant: Yes

Applications

• Footwear
• Automotive interior parts
• Medical devices
• Protective and performance apparel
• Tubing and hoses

Grades and Brand Names

• Elastollan® (BASF)
• Texin® (Covestro)
• Pearlbond® (Lubrizol)

Engineered Thermoplastic Polyurethane (ETPU)

Engineered Thermoplastic Polyurethane (ETPU) is a specialized form of TPU that combines the elasticity of rubber with the toughness and durability of thermoplastics. ETPU is known for its excellent wear and tear resistance, flexibility, and ability to withstand extreme temperatures and environmental conditions, making it highly suitable for both industrial and consumer products.

Properties

• Molding Temperature: 210 to 250°C
• Max Temp: Up to 130°C
• Chemical Resistance: 7/10
• Tensile Strength: 5,000 to 8,000 psi
• Flexural Strength: 6,000 to 10,000 psi
• Impact Strength: 2 to 5 ft-lb/in
• Electrical Insulation: Moderate
• Cost per kg (in USD): $3.50 to $6.00
• Water Resistant: Yes

Applications

• High-performance seals and gaskets
• Industrial tubing
• Athletic footwear
• Automotive components
• Medical devices

Grades and Brand Names

• Elastollan® Advanced (BASF)
• Pearlthane™ ECO (Lubrizol)
• Desmopan® (Covestro)

Polybutylene Terephthalate (PBT)

Polybutylene Terephthalate (PBT) is a thermoplastic engineering polymer that is known for its durability and excellent machining properties. PBT is highly valued for its balance of chemical and heat resistance, mechanical strength, and electrical insulation properties. It is typically used in applications that require a robust material that can withstand harsh environments.

Properties

• Molding Temperature: 230 to 270°C
• Max Temp: Up to 150°C
• Chemical Resistance: 7/10
• Tensile Strength: 6,500 to 13,000 psi
• Flexural Strength: 9,000 to 15,000 psi
• Impact Strength: 1 to 3 ft-lb/in
• Electrical Insulation: Excellent
• Cost per kg (in USD): $2.00 to $4.50
• Water Resistant: Yes

Applications

• Electrical connectors and components
• Automotive parts
• Keyboard keycaps
• Consumer electronics housings
• Pump and valve parts

Grades and Brand Names

• Ultradur® (BASF)
• Valox™ (SABIC)
• Crastin® (DuPont)

Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)

Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) is a highly versatile and widely used thermoplastic polymer. Renowned for its strength, dimensional stability, and excellent resistance to moisture and various chemicals, PET is commonly used in both textile fibers (polyester) and packaging materials, particularly in the food and beverage industry.

Properties

• Molding Temperature: 260 to 300°C
• Max Temp: Up to 150°C
• Chemical Resistance: 8/10
• Tensile Strength: 7,000 to 15,000 psi
• Flexural Strength: 10,000 to 17,000 psi
• Impact Strength: 0.5 to 1.5 ft-lb/in
• Electrical Insulation: Good
• Cost per kg (in USD): $1.50 to $3.00
• Water Resistant: Yes

Applications

• Beverage and food containers
• Synthetic fibers for clothing
• Automotive parts
• Electrical insulation
• Photographic films

Grades and Brand Names

• Arnite® (DSM)
• Rynite® (DuPont)
• Impet® (BASF)

Polyphenylene Sulfide (PPS)

Polyphenylene Sulfide (PPS) is a high-performance thermoplastic known for its outstanding resistance to chemicals, heat, and flame. PPS is distinguished by its ability to maintain structural integrity and mechanical properties in harsh environments, making it ideal for demanding applications in various industries.

Properties

• Molding Temperature: 280 to 320°C
• Max Temp: Up to 240°C
• Chemical Resistance: 9/10
• Tensile Strength: 10,000 to 15,000 psi
• Flexural Strength: 15,000 to 22,000 psi
• Impact Strength: 2 to 4 ft-lb/in
• Electrical Insulation: Excellent
• Cost per kg (in USD): $4.50 to $7.00
• Water Resistant: Yes

Applications

• Electrical and electronic components
• Automotive parts, such as under-the-hood components
• Aerospace and aviation components
• Industrial machinery parts
• Chemical processing equipment

Grades and Brand Names

• Ryton® (Solvay)
• Torelina® (Toray)
• Fortron® (Celanese)

Liquid-crystal Polymer (LCP)

Liquid-crystal Polymer (LCP) is a unique type of thermoplastic known for its high strength, chemical resistance, and excellent thermal stability. LCP’s distinctive molecular structure offers remarkable mechanical properties and dimensional stability, even in ultra-thin applications, making it a preferred material for precision parts in high-tech fields.

Properties

• Molding Temperature: 280 to 340°C
• Max Temp: Up to 260°C
• Chemical Resistance: 8/10
• Tensile Strength: 14,000 to 20,000 psi
• Flexural Strength: 20,000 to 28,000 psi
• Impact Strength: 2 to 5 ft-lb/in
• Electrical Insulation: Superior
• Cost per kg (in USD): $5.00 to $10.00
• Water Resistant: Yes

Applications

• Connectors and components in electronics and telecommunications
• Automotive ignition and sensor components
• Microwave cookware and utensil handles
• Aerospace and defense parts
• Surgical devices and medical packaging

Grades and Brand Names

• Vectra® (Ticona)
• Xydar® (Solvay)
• Zenite® (DuPont)

Thermoplastics

Thermoplastics are a category of polymers that become pliable or moldable at a specific elevated temperature and solidify upon cooling. Their ability to be reheated and reshaped multiple times without significant degradation is a key characteristic. This feature makes thermoplastics highly valuable in manufacturing processes like injection molding, where they are used to produce a vast array of products, from simple household items to complex automotive components.

Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE)

Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) combines the properties of rubber with the processing advantages of plastics. TPE is known for its flexibility, durability, and ability to be stretched to moderate elongations and return to its near original shape, creating a longer life and better physical range than other materials.

Properties

• Molding Temperature: 160 to 220°C
• Max Temp: Up to 100°C
• Chemical Resistance: 5/10
• Tensile Strength: 1,000 to 3,000 psi
• Flexural Strength: 500 to 1,500 psi
• Impact Strength: 10 to 30 ft-lb/in
• Electrical Insulation: Good
• Cost per kg (in USD): $2.00 to $4.50
• Water Resistant: Yes

Applications

• Automotive components such as seals and gaskets
• Medical devices and equipment
• Consumer goods like toothbrush grips
• Packaging and containers
• Sporting goods

Grades and Brand Names

• Kraton®
• Elastron®
• Sarlink®

Thermoplastic Rubber (TPR)

Thermoplastic Rubber (TPR) is a blend of plastic and rubber. TPR possesses both thermoplastic and elastomeric properties, making it an ideal material for applications requiring flexibility and durability. It is also recyclable, contributing to its popularity in various manufacturing processes.

Properties

• Molding Temperature: 170 to 230°C
• Max Temp: Up to 80°C
• Chemical Resistance: 4/10
• Tensile Strength: 500 to 1,500 psi
• Flexural Strength: 1,000 to 2,000 psi
• Impact Strength: 20 to 50 ft-lb/in
• Electrical Insulation: Moderate
• Cost per kg (in USD): $1.50 to $3.00
• Water Resistant: Yes

Applications

• Footwear components like soles and insoles
• Weather stripping and window seals
• Hose and tubing materials
• Grips for tools and sports equipment
• Automotive interior parts

Grades and Brand Names

• Santoprene®
• Desmopan®
• Dynaflex®

Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV)

Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) are part of the thermoplastic elastomer family. TPV is known for its excellent compression set, heat resistance, and fluid resistance, making it suitable for applications that demand the durability of vulcanized rubber combined with the processing ease of thermoplastics.

Properties

• Molding Temperature: 180 to 240°C
• Max Temp: Up to 120°C
• Chemical Resistance: 6/10
• Tensile Strength: 1,000 to 4,000 psi
• Flexural Strength: 1,500 to 3,500 psi
• Impact Strength: 30 to 70 ft-lb/in
• Electrical Insulation: Good
• Cost per kg (in USD): $3.00 to $6.00
• Water Resistant: Yes

Applications

• Automotive seals and gaskets
• Industrial hoses and belts
• Consumer goods such as soft grips
• Medical devices and equipment
• Garden tools and appliances

Grades and Brand Names

• Sarlink®
• Uniprene®
• Monprene®

Specialty Plastics

Specialty plastics, distinguished from standard plastics, are engineered for high performance and often tailored for specific industrial applications. These materials typically exhibit exceptional properties like high-temperature resistance, superior mechanical strength, and remarkable chemical stability. They are often chosen for applications where ordinary plastics may not suffice.

Polyether Ether Ketone (PEEK)

Polyether Ether Ketone (PEEK) is a high-performance engineering thermoplastic known for its outstanding mechanical and chemical resistance properties. PEEK is renowned for its ability to maintain its structural integrity in harsh chemical environments and at high temperatures, making it an ideal choice for advanced engineering applications.

Properties

• Molding Temperature: 343 to 400°C
• Max Temp: Up to 260°C
• Chemical Resistance: 9/10
• Tensile Strength: 14,000 to 16,000 psi
• Flexural Strength: 16,000 to 21,000 psi
• Impact Strength: 3 to 5 ft-lb/in
• Electrical Insulation: Excellent
• Cost per kg (in USD): $70 to $90
• Water Resistant: Yes

Applications

• Aerospace components
• Medical implantables
• High-performance automotive parts
• Electrical insulation components
• Industrial machinery parts

Grades and Brand Names

• Victrex® PEEK
• Ketron® PEEK
• Solvay KetaSpire®

Polylactic Acid (PLA)

Polylactic Acid (PLA) is a biodegradable thermoplastic derived from renewable resources such as corn starch or sugar cane. It is widely used in additive manufacturing and packaging due to its low environmental impact and good mechanical properties.

Properties

• Molding Temperature: 160 to 220°C
• Max Temp: Up to 60°C
• Chemical Resistance: 3/10
• Tensile Strength: 7,250 to 7,500 psi
• Flexural Strength: 11,000 to 11,500 psi
• Impact Strength: 2 to 3 ft-lb/in
• Electrical Insulation: Moderate
• Cost per kg (in USD): $5 to $15
• Water Resistant: No

Applications

• Biodegradable packaging
• Disposable cutlery and tableware
• 3D printing filaments
• Agricultural films
• Textiles and fibers

Grades and Brand Names

• NatureWorks Ingeo™ PLA
• Total Corbion Luminy® PLA
• Eastman Tritan™ Renew PLA

Polyphenylene Oxide (PPO) / PPE-PS

Polyphenylene Oxide (PPO) / PPE-PS is a blend of polyphenylene oxide and polystyrene. This material offers a unique balance of thermal performance, dimensional stability, and electrical properties. It is particularly valued in electrical and electronic applications for its low moisture absorption and excellent dielectric properties.

Properties

• Molding Temperature: 260 to 300°C
• Max Temp: Up to 150°C
• Chemical Resistance: 7/10
• Tensile Strength: 8,000 to 10,000 psi
• Flexural Strength: 12,000 to 15,000 psi
• Impact Strength: 1.5 to 2.5 ft-lb/in
• Electrical Insulation: High
• Cost per kg (in USD): $4 to $6
• Water Resistant: Yes

Applications

• Electrical components and insulators
• Automotive parts, especially under the hood
• Medical devices
• Aircraft interior components
• Pump and valve parts

Grades and Brand Names

• Noryl® (SABIC)
• Pocan® (LANXESS)
• Vestoran® (Evonik)

Other Mentioned Plastics

This category covers a range of plastics that are less common but equally important in specific applications. Each of these materials brings unique properties to the table, making them ideal for certain uses where general-purpose plastics might not be sufficient.

ABS Polycarbonate (PC-ABS)

ABS Polycarbonate (PC-ABS) is a blend of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) and Polycarbonate (PC). This material combines the strength and heat resistance of PC with the flexibility of ABS, offering a balanced solution for demanding applications.

Properties

• Molding Temperature: 230 to 260°C
• Max Temp: Up to 125°C
• Chemical Resistance: 6/10
• Tensile Strength: 5,000 to 10,000 psi
• Flexural Strength: 10,000 to 15,000 psi
• Impact Strength: 2.5 to 6 ft-lb/in
• Electrical Insulation: Good
• Cost per kg (in USD): $4 to $7
• Water Resistant: Yes

Applications

• Automotive components
• Consumer electronics
• Enclosures for electrical devices
• Medical devices
• Sporting goods

Grades and Brand Names

• Bayblend® (Covestro)
• Cycoloy® (SABIC)
• Terblend® N (BASF)

PC-PBT (Polycarbonate-Polybutylene Terephthalate)

PC-PBT (Polycarbonate-Polybutylene Terephthalate) is a blend that offers an excellent combination of properties from both Polycarbonate and Polybutylene Terephthalate. This alloy is known for its durability and excellent resistance to various chemicals and weathering.

Properties

• Molding Temperature: 250 to 280°C
• Max Temp: Up to 130°C
• Chemical Resistance: 7/10
• Tensile Strength: 6,000 to 9,000 psi
• Flexural Strength: 9,000 to 12,000 psi
• Impact Strength: 3 to 5 ft-lb/in
• Electrical Insulation: Very Good
• Cost per kg (in USD): $5 to $8
• Water Resistant: Yes

Applications

• Automotive exterior parts
• Electrical housings
• Industrial components
• Telecommunication devices
• Outdoor applications

Grades and Brand Names

• Xenoy® (SABIC)
• Duranex® (Polyplastics)
• Ultradur® S Balance (BASF)

Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)

Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) is a widely used synthetic plastic polymer. It comes in both rigid and flexible forms and is known for its durability, chemical resistance, and versatility in various applications.

Properties

• Molding Temperature: 160 to 200°C
• Max Temp: Up to 80°C
• Chemical Resistance: 8/10
• Tensile Strength: 7,500 to 8,000 psi
• Flexural Strength: 10,500 to 11,000 psi
• Impact Strength: 1 to 1.5 ft-lb/in
• Electrical Insulation: Excellent
• Cost per kg (in USD): $1 to $3
• Water Resistant: Yes

Applications

• Pipes and fittings
• Medical devices
• Window frames
• Cable insulation
• Flooring and roofing materials

Grades and Brand Names

• Geon® (Westlake Chemical)
• Vinnolit® (Westlake Chemical)
• Shin-Etsu PVC (Shin-Etsu Chemical)

Metals

Metals in injection molding are significant due to their strength, durability, and specific properties that make them irreplaceable in certain applications. Unlike plastics, metals often bring enhanced mechanical strength, thermal resistance, and electrical conductivity.

Stainless Steel

Stainless steel in injection molding is prized for its corrosion resistance and strength. It’s a versatile material suitable for both industrial and consumer applications. The ability to withstand high temperatures and resist corrosion makes stainless steel ideal for products that endure harsh environments or require a high degree of sanitation, such as medical devices and kitchenware.

Properties

• Molding Temperature: Ranges typically between 1370-1425°C.
• Max Temperature: Can withstand up to 870°C.
• Chemical Resistance: Rated around 8/10.
• Tensile Strength: Ranges from 500 to 2000 MPa.
• Flexural Strength: Approximately 400 to 550 MPa.
• Impact Strength: Varies, but generally high at about 60 ft-lb/in.
• Electrical Insulation: Not applicable as it is a conductor.
• Cost per kg (USD): About $1.50 to $3.00.
• Water Resistance: Yes, especially in high-grade alloys.

Applications

• Aerospace components.
• Medical devices and surgical instruments.
• Automotive parts.
• Food processing equipment.

Grades and Brand Names

• AISI 304 and 316 are popular grades.
• Duplex Stainless Steel.
• Specific brands depend on the manufacturer and specific alloy composition.

Low Alloy Steel

Low alloy steel in injection molding offers a balance of strength, toughness, and wear resistance at a more economical price point than some other metals. This material is often used in applications where structural integrity is paramount. Its molding process allows for the creation of complex shapes and designs, making it a go-to for automotive parts, machinery components, and tools where durability and strength are crucial.

Properties

• Molding Temperature: Typically between 1300-1450°C.
• Max Temperature: Up to approximately 700°C.
• Chemical Resistance: Around 6/10.
• Tensile Strength: Generally between 700 to 850 MPa.
• Flexural Strength: About 500 MPa.
• Impact Strength: Around 40 ft-lb/in.
• Electrical Insulation: Non-insulating.
• Cost per kg (USD): Roughly $0.50 to $2.00.
• Water Resistance: Moderate, depending on the alloy.

Applications

• Construction equipment.
• Automotive parts like gears and shafts.
• Machinery components.
• Structural applications.

Grades and Brand Names

• AISI 4140.
• HY-80 and HY-100 for military applications.
• Brand names vary with manufacturers.

Titanium and Titanium Alloys

Titanium and its alloys are known for their high strength-to-weight ratio and excellent corrosion resistance. In injection molding, they are typically used for specialized applications where weight reduction is critical without compromising strength. This includes aerospace components, medical implants, and high-performance automotive parts. Titanium’s biocompatibility also makes it an ideal choice for medical applications.

Properties

• Molding Temperature: About 1650°C.
• Max Temperature: Up to 860°C.
• Chemical Resistance: High, around 9/10.
• Tensile Strength: Ranges from 900 to 1400 MPa.
• Flexural Strength: Approximately 880 MPa.
• Impact Strength: High, around 50 ft-lb/in.
• Electrical Insulation: Not insulating.
• Cost per kg (USD): Around $35 to $150, highly variable.
• Water Resistance: Yes, very resistant.

Applications

• Aerospace and aircraft components.
• Medical implants.
• High-performance automotive parts.
• Sporting goods.

Grades and Brand Names

• Titanium Grade 5 (Ti 6Al-4V).
• Beta-C Titanium Alloys.
• Brand names are specific to manufacturers and alloy types.

Aluminum

Aluminum is known for its lightweight yet strong nature. It’s a go-to metal for applications requiring high strength-to-weight ratios. The material is also appreciated for its excellent thermal conductivity and corrosion resistance.

Properties

• Molding Temperature: 660°C
• Max Temp: 250°C
• Chemical Resistance: 7/10
• Tensile Strength: 70,000 to 700,000 psi
• Flexural Strength: 40,000 to 70,000 psi
• Impact Strength: 3 to 10 ft-lb/in

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